A decision maker presents options in a way that highlights positive aspects and minimizes negatives, influencing choices.

• A. Hindsight bias
• B. Anchoring bias
• C. Confirmation bias
• D. Framing bias

Answer: (D)

Framing bias is about how the way information is presented can steer decisions. When options are described in terms of positive aspects and downsides are minimized, people focus on those favorable frames and often choose differently than they would if everything were shown neutrally. The same data, just framed differently, can lead to different judgments because our perceptions of risk, benefit, and value are influenced by presentation. This differs from other biases like anchoring (getting stuck on an initial number), confirmation bias (seeking information that confirms a belief), or hindsight bias (believing outcomes were predictable after they occur). To reduce framing effects, present information in a balanced, neutral way, show both positive and negative aspects, and rely on objective criteria or independent evaluation.