Which management approach focuses on continuous improvement and responsiveness to customer needs and expectations?

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Total Quality Management centers on continuous improvement of all processes and a strong, ongoing focus on meeting customer needs and expectations. It involves everyone in the organization, uses data to drive decisions, and aims to prevent defects by constantly refining how work is done (think PDCA cycles and Kaizen). By continually listening to customers and measuring satisfaction, the organization stays responsive and aligned with what customers actually want. This approach differs from other models that emphasize efficiency through standardization (Scientific Management), formal rules and hierarchy (Bureaucracy), or structuring the organization around managerial principles (Administrative Management). The emphasis on ongoing improvement and customer focus makes this the best fit.